Projection (defence mechanism) | Psychology Wiki. Assessment |. Biopsychology |. Developmental |. Individual differences |. Social |Methods |. Professional items |. World psychology |. Social psychology: Altruism ·. Discrimination ·. Interpersonal relations ·. Outline. Psychological projection (or projection bias) can be defined as unconsciously assuming that others share the same or similar thoughts, beliefs, values, or positions on any given subject. According to the theories of Sigmund Freud, it is a psychologicaldefense mechanism whereby one "projects" one's own undesirable thoughts, motivations, desires, feelings—basically parts of oneself—onto someone else (usually another person, but psychological projection onto animals and inanimate objects also occurs). Thus, projection involves imagining or projecting the belief that others originate those feelings.[1]. The principle of projection is well- established in psychology. Emotions or excitations which the ego tries to ward off are "split out" and then felt as being outside the ego.. It is a common process.[3] The related defense of 'projective identification' differs from projection in that the impulse projected onto an external object does not appear as something alien and distant from the ego because the connection of the self with that projected impulse continues'.[4]In one example of the process, a person might have thoughts of infidelity with respect to a spouse or other partner. Instead of dealing with these undesirable thoughts consciously, the subject unconsciously projects these feelings onto the other person, and begins to think that the other has thoughts of infidelity and that the other may be having an affair. In this way, the subject may obtain 'acquittal by his conscience - if he projects his own impulses to faithlessness on to the partner to whom he owes faith'.[5] In this sense, projection is related to denial, arguably the only more primitive defense mechanism than projection, which, like all defense mechanisms, provides a function whereby a person can protect the conscious mind from a feeling that is otherwise repulsive. Projection can also be established as a means of obtaining or justifying certain actions that would normally be found atrocious or heinous. This often means projecting false accusations, information, etc., onto an individual for the sole purpose of maintaining a self- created illusion. One of the many problems with the process whereby 'something dangerous that is felt inside can be moved outside - a process of "projection"' - is that as a result 'the projector may become somewhat depleted and rendered limp in character, as he loses part of his personality'.[6]Compartmentalization, splitting, and projection are argued to be ways that the ego maintains the illusion that it is completely in control at all times. Further, while engaged in projection, individuals can be unable to access truthful memories, intentions, and experiences, even about their own nature, as is common in deep trauma.[7]An illustration would be an individual (Alice, for example) who feels dislike for another person (let's say Bob), however her unconscious mind will not allow her to become aware of this negative emotion. Instead of admitting to herself that she feels dislike for Bob, she projects her dislike onto Bob, so that her conscious thought is not "I don't like Bob," but "Bob doesn't seem to like me." In this way one can see that projection is related to denial, the only other defense mechanism that is more primitive than projection. Alice has denied a part of herself that is desperate to come to the surface. She can't flatly deny that she doesn't like Bob, so instead she will project the dislike, thinking Bob doesn't like her. Another, and an ironic, example is if Alice were to say, "Bob seems to project his feelings onto me.". Psychological projection (or projection bias) can be defined as unconsciously assuming that others share the same or similar thoughts, beliefs, values, or positions. Synonyms for projection at Thesaurus.com with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions. Dictionary and Word of the Day. Projection has been the leader in total presentation management solutions for conventions, meetings and professional events for over four decades. A a further example of this behavior might be blaming another for self failure. The mind may avoid the discomfort of consciously admitting personal faults by keeping those feelings unconscious, and by redirecting libidinal satisfaction by attaching, or "projecting," those same faults onto another person or object. Other instances. Edit"Projection is the opposite defence mechanism to identification. We project our own unpleasant feelings onto someone else and blame them for having thoughts that we really have.". A defense mechanism in which the individual attributes to other people impulses and traits that he himself has but cannot accept. It is especially likely to occur when the person lacks insight into his own impulses and traits.". Attributing one's own undesirable traits to other people or agencies, e. The individual perceives in others the motive he denies having himself. Thus the cheat is sure that everyone else is dishonest. The would- be adulterer accuses his wife of infidelity.". People attribute their own undesirable traits onto others. An individual who unconsciously recognises his or her aggressive tendencies may then see other people acting in an excessively aggressive way.". An individual who possesses malicious characteristics, but who is unwilling to perceive himself as an antagonist, convinces himself that his opponent feels and would act the same way.". Peter Gay describes it as "the operation of expelling feelings or wishes the individual finds wholly unacceptable—too shameful, too obscene, too dangerous—by attributing them to another." (Freud: A Life for Our Time, page 2. The theory was developed by Sigmund Freud - in his letters to Wilhelm Fliess, '"Draft H" deals with projection as a mechanism of defence'[8] - and further refined by his daughter Anna Freud; for this reason, it is sometimes referred to as Freudian Projection.[9]The concept was anticipated by Friedrich Nietzsche. He who fights with monsters might take care lest he thereby become a monster. And if you gaze for long into an abyss, the abyss gazes also into you."— Beyond Good and Evil. Psychological projection is the subject of Robert Bly's book A Little Book on the Human Shadow. The "Shadow"—a term used in Jungian psychology to describe a variety of psychological projection—refers to the projected material. The philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach based his theory of religion in large part upon the idea of projection, i. The "Shadow"—a term used in Jungian psychology to describe one kind of psychological projection—refers to the projected material from the individual's personal unconscious.[1. Jungians consider that 'Political agitation in all countries is full of such projections, just as much as the backyard gossip of little groups and individuals'.[1. Marie- Louise Von Franz extended the view of projection to cover phenomena in Patterns of Creativity Mirrored in Creation Myths: ".. Psychological projection is one of the medical explanations of bewitchment that attempts to diagnose the behavior of the afflicted children at Salem in 1. The historian John Demos asserts that the symptoms of bewitchment experienced by the afflicted girls in Salem during the witchcraft crisis were because the girls were undergoing psychological projection.[1. Demos argues the girls had convulsive fits caused by repressed aggression and were able to project this aggression without blame because of the speculation of witchcraft and bewitchment. Counter- projection. Edit. When addressing psychological trauma, the defense mechanism is sometimes counter- projection, including an obsession to continue and remain in a recurring trauma- causing situation and the compulsiveobsession with the perceived perpetrator of the trauma or its projection. Jung writes that "All projections provoke counter- projection when the object is unconscious of the quality projected upon it by the subject."[1. Psychopathology. Edit. In psychopathology, projection is an especially commonly used defense mechanism in people with certain personality disorders: 'Patients with paranoid personalities, for example, use projection as a primary defense because it allows them to disavow unpleasant feelings and attribute them to others'.[1. According to Kernberg, all 'the primitive defenses, such as splitting, [projection] and projective identification, are commonly connected with primitively organized personalities, such as ': [1. Projective techniques. Edit. Drawing on the theory that 'the individual "projects" something of himself or herself into everything he or she does, in line with Gordon Allport's concept of expressive behaviour',[1. The two best- known projective techniques are the Rorschach ink- blots and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)'.[1. See also Edit. References. Edit↑Wade, Tavris "Psychology" Sixth Edition Prentice Hall 2. ISBN 0- 3. 21- 0. Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (London 1. Defenses. www. psychpage. URL accessed on 2. Otto F. Kernberg, Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism (London 1. Sigmund Freud, On Psychopathology (Middlesex 1. R. Appignanesi ed., Introducing Melanie Klein (Cambridge 2. Trauma and Projection↑Jean- Michel Quinodoz, Reading Freud (London 2. Shepard, Simon. "Basic Psychological Mechanisms: Neurosis and Projection". Digital Projection HIGHlite Laser 4K-UHD Black. Acer EV-833H. NEC P502WL-2. Show All. New Pico Projectors. AAXA HD Pico. ©1999-2017 ProjectorCentral.com. Projection pro·jec·tion (prə-jěk'shən) n. The act of projecting or the condition of being projected. The attribution of one's own attitudes, feelings, or. Discover Projection Clocks on Amazon.com at a great price. Our Clocks category offers a great selection of Projection Clocks and more. Free Shipping on Prime eligible. Projectors : Free Shipping on orders over $45 at Overstock.com. Home Theater Projectors; Projector Accessories; Projection Screens; Projector Mounts;. Projection MappingThe Heretical Press. Retrieved on March 0. Encyclopædia Britannica↑Jungian Projection↑Carl G. Jung ed., Man and his Symbols (London 1. Karl Wolfe Psychological Projection↑John Demos, "Underlying Themes in the Witchcraft of Seventeenth- Century New England," American Historical Review 7. June, 1. 97. 0): 1. General Aspects of Dream Psychology, CW 8, par. Glen O. Gabbard, Long- Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (London 2. Gabbard, Psychotherapy p. B. Semeonoff, "Projective Techniques", in Richard Gregory ed, The Oxford Companion to the Mind (Oxford 1. Semeonoff, Mind p. Further reading. Edit. Ali, S. (1. 97. 0). On projection: A psychoanalytic study. Oxford, England: Payot. Alvarez, A. (2. 00. A developmental view of 'defence': The borderline psychotic child. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis. Blumfarb, H. (1. 98. Common Defense Mechanisms People Use for Anxiety. Image Source / Getty Images. Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological responses that protect people from threats and things that they don't want to think about or deal with. The term got its start in psychoanalytic therapy, but it has slowly worked its way into the parlance of everyday language. Think of the last time you referred to someone as being "in denial" or accused someone of "rationalizing." Both of these examples refer to a type of defense mechanism. So What Exactly Is a Defense Mechanism? Most notably used by Sigmund Freud in his psychoanalytic theory, a defense mechanism is a tactic developed by the ego to protect against anxiety. Defense mechanisms are thought to safeguard the mind against feelings and thoughts that are too difficult for the conscious mind to cope with. In some instances, defense mechanisms are thought to keep inappropriate or unwanted thoughts and impulses from entering the conscious mind. In Sigmund Freud's model of personality, the ego is the aspect of personality that deals with reality. While doing this, the ego also has to cope with the conflicting demands of the id and the superego. The id is the part of personality that seeks to fulfill all wants, needs, and impulses. It is the most basic, primal part of our personalities and does not consider things such as the social appropriateness, morality, or even reality of fulfilling our wants and needs. The superego tries to get the ego to act in an idealistic and moral manner. This part of personality is made up of all of the internalized morals and values we acquire from our parents, other family members, religious influences, and society. In order to deal with anxiety, Freud believed that defense mechanisms helped shield the ego from the conflicts created by the id, superego, and reality. So what happens when the ego cannot deal with the demands of our desires, the constraints of reality, and our own moral standards? According to Freud, anxiety is an unpleasant inner state that people seek to avoid. Anxiety acts as a signal to the ego that things are not going the way they should. As a result, the ego then employs some sort of defense mechanism to help reduce these feelings of anxiety. Types of Anxiety. Not all types of anxiety are created equal. Nor do these anxieties stem from the same sources. Freud identified three types of anxiety: Neurotic anxiety is the unconscious worry that we will lose control of the id's urges, resulting in punishment for inappropriate behavior. Reality anxiety is fear of real- world events. The cause of this anxiety is usually easily identified. For example, a person might fear receiving a dog bite when they are near a menacing dog. The most common way of reducing this anxiety is to avoid the threatening object. Moral anxiety involves a fear of violating our own moral principles. Although we may knowingly use these mechanisms, in many cases these defenses work unconsciously to distort reality. For example, if you are faced with a particularly unpleasant task, your mind may choose to forget your responsibility in order to avoid the dreaded assignment. In addition to forgetting, other defense mechanisms include rationalization, denial, repression, projection, rejection, and reaction formation. While all defense mechanisms can be unhealthy, they can also be adaptive and allow us to function normally. The greatest problems arise when defense mechanisms are overused in order to avoid dealing with problems. In psychoanalytic therapy, the goal may be to help the client uncover these unconscious defense mechanisms and find better, healthier ways of coping with anxiety and distress. Sigmund Freud's daughter, Anna Freud described ten different defense mechanisms used by the ego. Other researchers have also described a wide variety of additional defense mechanisms. Displacement. Have ever had a really bad day at work and then gone home and taken out your frustration on family and friends? Then you have experienced the ego defense mechanism of displacement. Displacement involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening. Displaced aggression is a common example of this defense mechanism. Rather than express our anger in ways that could lead to negative consequences (like arguing with our boss), we instead express our anger towards a person or object that poses no threat (such as our spouse, children, or pets).
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